Slavery and Solar Panels Bibliography

On the way to writing that short piece on slavery and solar panels, I looked at quite a few reports and articles. Here's a bibliography, for anyone interested.

Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice Reports

“Forced Labour Reports | Sheffield Hallam University.” Accessed December 25, 2025. https://www.shu.ac.uk/helena-kennedy-centre-international-justice/research-and-projects/all-projects/forced-labour-reports.

Murphy, Laura, and Nyrola Elimä. In Broad Daylight: Uyghur Forced Labour in Global Solar Supply Chains. Forced Labour Reports. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. https://shura.shu.ac.uk/29640/.

Murphy, Laura, Kendyl Salcito, and Nyrola Elimä. Financing & Genocide: Development Finance and the Crisis in the Uyghur Region. Atlantic Council, 2022. https://shura.shu.ac.uk/34920/.

Murphy, Laura, Kendyl Salcito, Yalkun Uluyol, and Mia Rabkin. Driving Force: Automotive Supply Chains and Forced Labour in the Uyghur Region. Forced Labour Reports. Sheffield Hallam University, 2025. https://shura.shu.ac.uk/34918/.

Murphy, Laura T. Laundering Cotton. Forced Labour Reports. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. https://www.shu.ac.uk/-/media/home/research/helena-kennedy-centre/projects/laundering-cotton-annexes/laundering-cotton.pdf.

Murphy, Laura T, and Alan Crawford. Over-Exposed: Uyghur Region Exposure Assessment for Solar Industry Sourcing. Forced Labour Reports. Sheffield Hallam University, 2023. https://www.modernslaverypec.org/latest/over-exposed-to-uyghur-forced-labour.

Murphy, Laura T., Nyrola Elimä, and David Tobin. Until Nothing Is Left: China’s Settler Corporation and Its Human Rights Violations in the Uyghur Region. Forced Labour Reports. Sheffield Hallam University, 2022. https://www.shu.ac.uk/-/media/home/research/helena-kennedy-centre/projects/until-nothing-is-left-docs/murphy-elima-tobin----until-nothing-is-left.pdf.

Related Human Rights Articles

Amnesty International. “China: Still No Accountability for Crimes against Humanity in Xinjiang, Three Years after Major UN Report.” Amnesty International, August 27, 2025. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/08/china-still-no-accountability-for-crimes-against-humanity-in-xinjiang-three-years-after-major-un-report/.

Antonia Zimmermann. “On Chinese Forced Labor, Europe Plays Catch-up with the US.” March 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/china-forced-labor-ban-europe-us-uyghur-xinjiang/.

AP. “Brazilian Prosecutors Sue China’s BYD over Allegations of Slave-like Labor Conditions.” AP News, May 27, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/brazil-byd-electric-vehicles-court-labor-trafficking-95974dd85ce95edac339ba316be4c2de.

Aporia. “Reparations as Political Performance.” Accessed January 16, 2026. https://www.aporiamagazine.com/p/reparations-as-political-performance.

Bandurski, David. “China’s Quiet Fury Over Xinjiang.” China Media Project, September 2022. https://chinamediaproject.org/2022/09/02/chinas-quiet-fury-over-xinjiang/.

BBC. “BBC - Religions - Islam: Slavery in Islam.” Accessed January 16, 2026. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml.

Damian Grammaticas. China Intimidated UK University to Ditch Human Rights Research, Documents Show. November 2, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq50j5vwny6o.

Daniel Murphy. “China’s Economy Runs on Uyghur Forced Labour.” The New York Times, May 29, 2025. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2025-05-29/chinas-economy-runs-on-uyghur-forced-labour.

February 10, Steven Zhou Originally published on Policy Options and 2025. “Canada Must Defend Uyghur Rights with Strong Action.” Policy Options, n.d. Accessed January 16, 2026. https://policyoptions.irpp.org/2025/02/uyghur-genocide-canada-action/.

Hancock, Adam. “Brazil Sues China Carmaker BYD over ‘slave-like’ Conditions.” May 28, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3v5n7w55kpo.

Hendrix, Cullen. “Forced Uyghur Labor in China’s Xinjiang Tied to Automotive Supply Cha….” Foreign Policy, December 21, 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/21/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-uyghur-automotive-industry-human-rights/.

Hendrix, Cullen. “Forced Uyghur Labor Probably Helped Build Your Car.” Foreign Policy, December 21, 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/21/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-uyghur-automotive-industry-human-rights/.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA. “Man Who Filmed Uyghur Concentration Camps Now Fights for His Own Freedom in the United States.” Substack newsletter. Human Rights in China, December 12, 2025. https://hrichina.substack.com/p/man-who-filmed-uyghur-concentration.

Johana Bhuiyan. ‘There’s Cameras Everywhere’: Testimonies Detail Far-Reaching Surveillance of Uyghurs in China. September 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/30/uyghur-tribunal-testimony-surveillance-china.

Murphy, Daniel. “Did Coerced Labor Build Your Car?” May 2025. https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/did-coerced-labor-build-your-car.

Nathan Ruser. Documenting Xinjiang’s Detention System. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2020.

Nathan Ruser. “Exploring Xinjiang’s Detention System.” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, September 2020. https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/explainers/exploring-xinjiangs-detention-facilities/.

OHCHR. OHCHR Assessment of Human Rights Concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China. United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ohchr-assessment-human-rights-concerns-xinjiang-uyghur-autonomous-region.

Walk Free. “Modern Slavery in China.” Accessed December 20, 2025. https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/country-studies/china/.

Wyk, Barry van. What Does the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Do, aside from Forced Labor? August 2022. https://thechinaproject.com/2022/08/08/what-does-the-xinjiang-production-and-construction-corps-do-aside-from-forced-labor/.

Articles on the Global Response

AASM. “American Alliance for Solar Manufacturing Trade Committee.” American Alliance for Solar Manufacturing Trade Committee, April 24, 2024. https://americansolartradecmte.org/.

AASM. “Press Release: Leading U.S. Solar Manufacturers File Trade Petitions to Combat China’s Illegal & Harmful Trade Practices in Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Thailand.” American Alliance for Solar Manufacturing Trade Committee, April 4, 2024. https://americansolartradecmte.org/leading-u-s-solar-manufacturers-file-trade-petitions-to-combat-chinas-illegal-amp-harmful-trade-practices-in-vietnam-malaysia-cambodia-and-thailand-wiley-rein-llp-reports/.

Abdureshid, Nuriman. “European Union Approves Regulation Aimed at Stopping Uyghur Forced Labor.” Radio Free Asia, November 21, 2024. https://www.rfa.org/english/uyghur/2024/11/21/uyghur-eu-forced-labor-law/.

Dayen, David. “Administration Playing From Behind on Domestic Solar Production.” The American Prospect, June 12, 2024. https://prospect.org/2024/06/12/2024-06-12-administration-playing-from-behind-domestic-solar-production/.

Dayen, David. “Biden Uses Suspect Authority to Maintain Chinese Dominance of Solar Manufacturing.” The American Prospect, June 8, 2022. https://prospect.org/2022/06/08/biden-uses-suspect-authority-to-maintain-chinese-dominance-of-solar-manufacturing/.

Dayen, David. “Chinese Solar Manufacturers Cheated to Avoid Duties, Government Investigation Finds.” The American Prospect, December 2, 2022. https://prospect.org/2022/12/02/chinese-solar-manufacturers-cheated-to-avoid-duties/.

Dayen, David. “Trade Group Driving Solar Controversy Includes Slave-Labor Companies.” The American Prospect, May 12, 2022. https://prospect.org/2022/05/12/trade-group-driving-solar-controversy-includes-slave-labor-companies-china/.

ECCHR. “ECCHR: Understanding the EU Forced Labour Regulation.” Accessed January 16, 2026. https://www.ecchr.eu/en/publication/understanding-the-eu-forced-labour-regulation/.

Fitzgerald, Joan. “The Case for Taking Back Solar.” The American Prospect, March 24, 2021. https://prospect.org/2021/03/24/case-for-taking-back-solar/.

Kuttner, Robert. “Biden’s Mixed Signals on Chinese Solar Meet Bipartisan Pushback.” The American Prospect, January 30, 2023. https://prospect.org/2023/01/30/2023-01-30-biden-chinese-solar-tariffs/.

Kuttner, Robert. “MAGA’s Gift to China.” The American Prospect, July 8, 2025. https://prospect.org/2025/07/08/2025-07-08-magas-gift-to-china-trump-tariffs/.

Laing, Keith. “You Could Soon Buy a BYD Electric Car in Canada. Here’s How.” USA TODAY. Accessed January 22, 2026. https://www.usatoday.com/story/cars/news/2026/01/20/byd-trade-deal-canada/88217293007/.

Regulation (EU) 2024/3015 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 on Prohibiting Products Made with Forced Labour on the Union Market and Amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 (Text with EEA Relevance) (2024). http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/3015/oj.

Rengervé, Hélène de. “EU Adopts New Regulation to Curtail Forced Labor.” Human Rights Watch, November 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/11/19/eu-adopts-new-regulation-curtail-forced-labor.

USITC. “USITC Votes to Continue Investigations on Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam | United States International Trade Commission.” June 7, 2024. https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/news_release/2024/er0607_65269.htm.

Background

Xinjiang and the XPCC

Wikipedia. “Autonomous Regions of China.” In Wikipedia. November 21, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_regions_of_China&oldid=1323385913.

Wikipedia. “Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.” In Wikipedia. November 14, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps.

Mining and Refining of Polysilicon

Maloney, Dan. “Mining And Refining: Pure Silicon And The Incredible Effort It Takes To Get There.” Hackaday, November 15, 2021. https://hackaday.com/2021/11/15/mining-and-refining-pure-silicon-and-the-incredible-effort-it-takes-to-get-there/.

Wikipedia. “Polycrystalline Silicon.” In Wikipedia. December 30, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycrystalline_silicon&oldid=1330276710.

Lifecycle Pollution Analysis of Solar Panel Production

Heath, Garvin. Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solar Photovoltaics. FS-6A20-56487. NREL, 2012. https://research-hub.nrel.gov/en/publications/life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-electricity-generation-f/.

Heath, Garvin A., Patrick O’Donoughue, Douglas J. Arent, and Morgan Bazilian. “Harmonization of Initial Estimates of Shale Gas Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Electric Power Generation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 31 (2014): E3167–76. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309334111.

Nicholson, Scott and Garvin Heath. Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation: Update. FS-6A50-80580. NREL Fact Sheets. 2021. https://research-hub.nrel.gov/en/publications/life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-electricity-generation-u/.

NREL. Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation. FS--6A20-57187. NREL Fact Sheets. NREL, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2172/1338444.